How to Make Solar Cells
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parts
1Creating a Titania Electrode
2Making a Counter Electrode
3Assembling Your Solar Cell
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how natural pigments can be used to capture solar energy and generate electricity. By using titanium oxide, carbon from graphite, and natural dye made from berry juice, you’ll be able to see on a very small scale how solar energy panels work. Keep in mind that commercial solar panels use silicon for the sos slides are also known as ITO-coated (indium tin oxide coated) or FTO-coated (fluoride-doped tin oxide coated) slides. They have slightly different coatings but are both electrically conductive glass slides and with work equally well for this experiment.
You can buy glass slides online. A set of 25 costs under $40 USD.
Some slides have a transparent coating, in which case the side that feels rougher is the side that should go face-down.
Step 4 Pick the slide up with tweezers and rinse it with distilled water and ethanol.
4
Pick the slide up with tweezers and rinse it with distilled water and ethanol. Carefully grab the slide by a corner using a pair of tweezers and lift it up out of the petri dish. Pour distilled water carefully over the slide to rinse off the excess dye, then repeat this with ethanol alcohol to thoroughly clean it.[4]
The titanium oxide coating must be completely stained a deep reddish-purple color. If you can still see the white coating, place the slide back into the berry dye coated-side-down for another 10 minutes.
Step 5 Dry the slide gently by blotting it with a clean tissue.
5
Dry the slide gently by blotting it with a clean tissue. Dab gently at the slide with a clean tissue to soak up any excess moisture left over from rinsing it with the distilled water and ethanol alcohol. Set it aside and move on to the next part of the experiment.[5]
This dyed slide is your titanica electrode and will form half of your solar cell.
Part
2
Making a Counter Electrode
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Step 1 Feel both sides of a glass slide with your fingernail to find the conductive side.
1
Feel both sides of a glastional use. Seek to highlight only the most relevant parts instead of stressing comprehensive accuracy or tiny details. Perfect realism  cell parts.
5
Attach labels to the cell parts. You can do this by taping the  feature of a plant cell is that unlike an animal cell, it is surrounded by a thick, rigid cell wall.[2]
Plant cells contain chloroplasts that produce food and energy for the cell while animal cells do not.[3]
Step 3 Research the parts of an animal cell.
3
Research the parts of an animal cell. Unlike plant cells, animal cells do not have a cell wall. Animal cells can be various sizes and may have irregular shapes. Most of the cells range in size between 1 and 100 micrometers and are only visible with the help of a microscope.[4]
There are also several goStyrofoam ball?
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Community Answer
Its a ball that is made of white stuff called Styrofoam. If you don't know what it is, go to to your nearest craft store, like Michael's, and ask for a Styrofoam ball. They might ask you for the size - just say medium or large.
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Where can I get these items?
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Community Answer
You can get most of these at any craft store, or even a local supermarket.
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How can I make an animal cell with only Styrofoam balls?
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Community Answer
Cut it in half, but instead of putting clay on, you can use colorful markers and draw the organelles onto the Styrofoam.side of the glass. Repeat this for the other side. The side that measures closest to 0 Ohms is the conductive side.[7]
You can use eithwithin tiny spaces is often impossible anyway.

Step 5 Stick toothpicks in the cake with labels for each part of the cell.
5
Stick toothpicks in the cake with labels for each part of the cell. Type up the labels on a computer. Cut out each label and attach them to the toothpicks with tape before placing them on the cake next to the applicable cell component.
Take pictures of the cake model, and then eat it!
Method
4
Building a Clay Model
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Step 1 Gather your materials.
1
Gather your materials. To make a clay model of a cell, you'll need:
A small or medium sized styrofoam ball.
A package of colorful clay (feel free to also use Play-Doh or Crayola's Model Magic)
Toothpicks
Labels
Step 2 Cut the styrofoam ball in half.
2
Cut the styrofoam ball in half. The size of the ball you use depends on how detailed you want to make the parts.[12]
Keep in mind a largerod images of the parts of an t the 2 other sides where the plates are sandwiched together with no exposed edges.[13]
This is your completed solar cell. It will work until the electru dyed in the first part of the experiment.
The conductive side is also sometimes marked with a “+” sign or may be a white color.
You can also test a slide with a multimeter to find the conductive side. Set your multimeter to measure in Ohms and place both leads against 1 How to Make a Model Cell
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methods
1Researching Model Cells
2Making a Jello Model
3Making a Cake Model
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A cell model is a 3-dimensional structure showing the parts of a plant or an animal cell. You can make a model cell with things from around your house, or you can buy a few simple items to create a fun, educational project.

Method
1plasmic reticulum.
Sour gummy worms for the Golgi apparatus.
Warheads for the vacuoles.
EXPERT TIP

Biology Teacher
Tailor cell models to their exact purpose. When constructing a cell model to showcase key components like mitochondria and ribosomes, carefully consider its intended educa App Icon Settings. It's a grey app with gears on it. Make sure that you're doing this on your child's iPhone.
Step 2 Tap the Apple ID name card.
2
Tap the Apple ID t the top of the screen.
Step 3 Type in find my device.
3
Type in find my device. Doinside of the styrofoam using toothpicks.
If you're making a plant cell, remember to add a cell wall to your model.
Step 5 Attach labels to th slide because you can see the reddish-purple tinted coating through the transparent outside.
You can purchase a basic multimeter with alligator clip leads online for about $12 USD.
Step 2 Put the multimeter’s positive lead on the exposed edge of the carbon slide.
2
Put the multimeter’s positive lead on the exposed edge of the carbon slide. The positive lead is the red cable and has a “+” sign on it. Open up the alligator clip on this lead candie side of the styrofoam ball with clay. You can cover the entire half piece of Styrofoam with clay if you want to make the top of the ball a g so will prompt a drop-down list of results.
Step 4 Tap Find My Device.
4
Tap Find My Device. It's at the top of the list of results.
Step 5 Tap INSTALL.
5
Tap INSTALL. You'll find this green button on the far-right side of the Find My Device page.
Step 6 Tap ACCEPT when prompted.
6
Tap ACCEPT when prompted. Doing so will download Find My Device onto your child's Android.
Step 7 Open Find My Device.
7
Open Find My Device. Tap OPEN in the Google Play app when it appears.
Step 8 Tap CONTINUE AS NAME.
8
Tap CONTINUE AS NAME. It's a green button in the middle of the screen. "NAME" will be replaced by your child's first name.
If you see a SIGN IN option here, tap that instead.
Step 9 Enter your ch
You cannot track iPhones or Androids without mobile data. The phone needs to be connected to your Google or Apple account and connected to the internet. Answer
Community Answer
The sun's photons hit the titanium oxide. It grabs an lar cell can convert solar energy into electricity. You can do this experiment in a classroom setting or even at home in your kitchen!

Part
1
Creating a Titania Electrode
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Step 1 Crush 3-4 blackberries or raspberries using a mortar and pestle.
1
Crush 3-4 blackberries or raspberries using a mortar and pestle. Place the berries into the mortar bowl. Pound them firmly with the pestle until they turn into a uniform paste, which will be your dye.[1]
If you don’t have a mortar and pestle, you could crush the berries in a small bowl or dish using a spoon or fork.
You can use either frozen or fresh berries for this. If you use frozen berries, let them thaw first, so they’re easier to crush.
Step 2 Mix the berries with 1 US tbsp (15 mL) of distilled water in a petri dish.
2
Mix the berries with 1 US tbsp (15 mL) of distilled water in a petri dish. Transfer the berry paste to a petri dish and pour in about 1 US tbsp (15 mL) of distilled water. Stir the mixture together using a glass rod or a similar utensil.[2]
If you don’t have a petri ild's Google  and log in with the Apple ID account's credentials, then do the following:
Click Find My iPhone
Click All Devices at the top of the window.
Click your child's phone.
Wait for the results to appear.
You can also use the built-in Find My iPhone app on your iPhone by opening the app, signing in with your Apple ID (or your child's Apple ID if it's different), and tapping the phone in question.
Method
2
Using Find My Device for Android
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Step 1 Open the icon Google Play Store.
1
Open the Android Google Play Google Play Store. Make sure that you're doing this on your child's phone, not your own.
Step 2 Tap the search bar.
2
Tap the search bar. It's a
Community Answer
Yes. For example, the government can do so, some journalists can and hackers can. The police and other forces can. Even your friends and neighbors can if they have the know how and will.
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Can I trace a phone if mobile data is turned off on that particular device?
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Community Answerdish, you cant you just coated in graphite because it will easily rub off.[10]
This carbon-coated glass slide is your counter electrode and forms the other half of your electrode.
Part
3
Assembling Your Solar Cell
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Step 1 Squeeze 1-2 drops of an iodide electrolyte solution onto the dyed glass slide.
1
Squeeze 1-2 drops of an iodide electrolyte solution onto the dyed glass slide. Gently place the dyed glass slide stained-side-up in front of you. Use a pipette to squeeze 1-2 drops of iodide electrolyte solution onto the dyed coating.[11]
If there is any exceand stick it on to the exposed edge of the graphite-covered conductive slide on your solar cell.[15]
You can tell which slide is the graphite coated slide because it will look grayish when you look through that side of the solar cell.
Step 3 Measure the voltage of the solar cell under full sun illumination.
3
Measure the voltage of the solar cell under full sun illumination. Set your multimeter to measure in volts and place your solar cell in full sunlight. Read the number on the multimeter to see how many volts of electricity your solar cell is generating.[16]
As an alternative to natural smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Blue Mike and Ikes for the mitochondria.
Disc sprinkles for the ribosomes.
Airheads for the rough endoand/or hard candy. Avoid using marshmallows, as they will float on top of the gelatin.
Water
A large plastic resealable bag
A spoon
A large bowl or container
Access to a stovetop or microwave
Access to a refrigerator
Step 2 Make the jello, but with less water than the instructions call for.
2
Make the jello, but with less water than the instructions call for. This will make the jello stiffer and make it easier for the cell parts to stay in place.[8]electron, but loses one at the same time. The traveling electron makes the electronic field.
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Question
Is it okay to use aluminum sheets as a substitute for glass?
Community Answer
Community is longer than the slide and stick the excess to the surface in front of you to stabilize the slide.
Any kind of easily removable tape is fine for this. Just use what you have handy!
Step 3 Rub a graphite pencil over the conductive surface of the slide to coat it.
3
Rub a graphite pencil over the conductive surface of the slide to coat it. Turn a sharpened graphite pencil on its side to expose the most surface area of the lead. Rub the graphite back and forth all over the conductive side of the glass slide to coat it in an even layer of carbon from the graphite.[9]
Graphite is a form of carbon and will act as a catalyst to facilitate the chemical reactions in your solar cell.
Step 4 Remove the tape without touching the graphite-covered surface of the slide.
4
Remove the tape without touching the graphite-covered surface of the slide. Carefully peel off the tape and discard it. Be careful not to touch the surface of the slide thapoint you can unclip the slides and add more solution or simply squeeze more solution onto 1 of the edges and let it seep in.
Part
4
Testing the Solar Cell
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Step 1 Clip a multimeter’s negative lead to the exposed edge of the dyed slide.
1
Clip a multimeter’s negative lead to the exposed edge of the dyed slide. The negative lead is the black cable and has a “-” sign on it. Squeeze open the alligator clip at the end of this lead cable and clip it onto the exposed edge of the dyed slide on your solar cell.[14]
You can tell which slide is the dyedthe smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Blue Mike and Ikes for the mitochondria.
Disc sprinkles for the ribosomes.
Airheads for the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Sour gummy worms for the Golgi apparatus.
Warheads for the vacuoles.
Keep in mind that if you are making a plant cell, you will need to add in a cell membrane around the jello with candy such as Twizzlers or Pixie Sticks.
Step 6 Create a key showing how the candies correspond with the parts of the cell.
6
Create a key showing how the candies correspond with the parts of the cell. You may want to make a card with a piece of each candy glued to the card, or you can create labels by writing or animal cell online.[5]
Animal cells have smaller vacuoles that store food and nutrients while plant cells have 1 large vacuole that takes up most of the cell's mass.[6]
Method
2
Making a Jello Model
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Step 1 Gather your materials.
1
Gather your materials. To make a cell out of jello, you will need:[7]
Lemon flavored jello, or unflavored jello
Light colored fruit juice (if using unflavored jello)
Various candies and fruits, sucs to the bag of jello to represent the parts of a cell.
5
Add a variety of candies to the bag of jello to represent the parts of a cell. Make sure you use candies that are the right color and shape to match the components of an actual cell. Consider using:
Pink Mike and Ikes for eer an ITO-coated, FTO-coated, or TCO-coated (transparent conductive oxide coated) conductive glass slide for this.
Step 2 Cover 4 mm of the condyed slide exposed on the opposite side.[12]
These 2 conductive faces of the slides, sandwiched together face-to-face, form the inside of your solar cell.
Step 3 Clip the slides together at the 2 non-exposed edges using binder clips.
3
Clip the slides together at the 2 non-exposed edges using binder clips. The exposed edge of each slide is where you test the solar cell, so don’t put the clips here. Carefully clip t cells and are rectangular or cube shaped.[1]
There are several good images of the parts of a plant cell online.
The main distinguishing
Labels
Step 2 Make the cake in a pan, based on the type of cell you are making.
2
Make the cake in a pan, based on the type of cell you are making. Use a round cake pan for an animal cell and a rectangular shaped cake pan for a plant cell.
Follow the instructions on the package to bake the cake. You can also set aside a little of the batter to make one cupcake to represent the nucleus.
Let the cake cool completely and then remove it from the pan. Place it on the cake board.
You can also make 2 9 in (23 cm) cakes to layer on top of each other if you'd prefer a taller cell model.
Step 3 Ice the cake.
3
Ice the cake. Dye the vanilla icing with the food dye, based on the color(s) you'd like to use to represent the cell components.
One option is to make separate colored icings to represent the different layers of the cell. For example, to make an animal cell, you could use yellow icing to represent the cytoplahe slides together atyping the name of the cell part and attaching them to each candy.
Step 7 Re seal the completed jello model and put it back in the refrigerator.
7
Re seal the completed jello model and put it back in the refrigerator. This will allow the jello to fully set, creating a sturdy cell model.
Feel to free to take a picture of the jello model, and then eat it!
Method
3
Making a Cake Model
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Step 1 Gather your ingredients.
1
Gather your ingredients. To make a cake model, you will need:[9]
Cake mix, as well as the ingredients to make the mix
Vanilla icing
Food coloring of choice
Various candies to represent the organelles, such as blue Mike and Ikes, pink Mike and Ikes, War Heads, Air Heads, sour gummy worms and sprinkles
Toothpickslabels to toothpicks or pins and sticking the pins into the styrofoam ball next to the applicable component.
Community Q&A
Question
What do you mean by styrofoam ball will give you more room and flexibility to work.
Step 3 Cover the flat side of the styrofoam ball with clay.
3
Cover the flath as raisins, gummy worms (plain and sour), gumdrops, jelly beans, grapes, mandarin orange sections, sprinkles, M&M's, jawbreakers, dried fruit, 
Researching Model Cells
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Step 1 Decide if you are making a plant cell or an animal cell.
1
Decide if you are making a plant cell or an animal cell. The shape of each cell is different, so depending on which type of cell you are building, you will need different materials.
Step 2 Research the parts of a plant cell.
2
Research the parts of a plant cell. You will need to understand what each cell part looks like and what job it performs for the plant cell. Generally, plant cells are larger than animalsm and red icing on the cupcake representing the nucleus.[10]
If you are making a plant cell, you can make colored icing to distinguish the cell wall and spread it on the sides of the cake.
Step 4 Place the candies on the cake to represent the organelle.
4
Place the candies on the cake to represent the organelle. It may be helpful to have a printout or image of the cell to identify the cell components as you place them on the cake. An example of good candies to use as components of an animal cell include:[11]
Pink Mike and Ikes for the lor.
Step 4 Make the different cell parts out of various colors of clay.
4
Make the different cell parts out of various colors of clay. It may be helpful to have a printout or image of the cell to ensure all of the cell components are represented.
Be sure to use different colored clay for each component to distinguish them from each other.
Add the components to thelar cells, so the ones you make olyte solution evaporates, at which  use a similar clean glass or plastic container.
The water will help turn the berry paste into a liquid dye that will soak in more easily.
Step 3 Put a titanium-oxide-coated glass slide into the dye, face-down, for 10 minutes.
3
Put a titanium-oxide-coated glass slide into the dye, face-down, for 10 minutes. The white side of the glass slide is the side with the titanium oxide coating. Place the slide coated-side-down into the petri dish filled with the berry dye and let it soak for about 10 minutes.[3]
Titanium-oxide-coated glas flat certain cosunlight, you can use an incandescent or halogen lamp.
The electricity output will vary based on the strength of the light source, but this type of homemade solar cell typically generates between about 0.4 and 0.6 volts of electricity.
Community Q&A
Question
Which chemical reaction makes an electric induction from these?
CommunityHow to Set Up Cell Phone Tracking for a Child's Cell Phone
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methods
1Using Find My iPhone for iPhone
2Using Find My Device for Android
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This wikiHow teaches you how to set up an app that will find your child's location via their smartphone. Both iPhone and Android phones have free, built-in GPS trackers, and you can even set up child restrictions on an iPhone if you want to make sure that they won't disable the tracking app.

Method
1
Using Find My iPhone for iPhone
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Step 1 Open icon Settings.
1
Open iPhone Settingss slide with your fingernail to find the conductive side. Scratch both sides of a conductive glass slide gently with your fingernail and feel for roughness. The side that feels rougher is the conductive side.[6]
Note that this is a second, clean slide, different from the slide yoin this experiment are not the same as commercial-grade cells. These homemade solar cells are just meant to demonstrate hp on your phone using your child's credentials to monitor their whereabouts.
Community Q&A
Can someone track my smartphone without access to the phone?
Community Answername card. This option is at the top of the Settings page.
Step 3 Tap iCloud.
3
Tap iCloud. It's in theductive side of the slide at 1 edge with a piece of tape.
2
Cover 4 mm of the conductive side of the slide at 1 edge with a piece of tape. Gently place the glass slide conductive-side-up on a flat surface in front of you. Stick a piece of tape over 1 edge of the slide, so that it only covers about 4 mm of the slide. This prevents you from coating this portion with carbon.[8]
You can use a piece of tape that e electrolyte solution online for about $30 USD or less.
Step 2 Offset the carbon-coated slide, graphite-side-down, on top of the dyed slide.
2
Offset the carbon-coated slide, graphite-side-down, on top of the dyed slide. Carefully pick up your graphite-coated slide by the sides, without touching the carbon coating. Flip it over on top of the dyed slide and offset it so that the strip that you didn’t cover with graphite is exposed on 1 side and there is a clear strip of the  middle of the screen.
Step 4 Scroll down and tap Find My iPhone.
4
Scroll down and tap Find My iPhone. This is near the bottom of the page.
Step 5 Tap the white "Find My iPhone" switch icon.
5
Tap the white "Find My iPhone" switch iPhone Switch Off Icon. It will turn green iPhone Switch On Icon which signifies that Find My iPhone is now active on your child's phone.
If this switch is green, Find My iPhone is already active on your child's iPhone.
Step 6 Tap the white "Send Last Location" switch icon.
6
Tap the white "Send Last Location" switch iPhone Switch Off Icon. This option ensures that your child's phone will mark a GPS coordinate before its battery dies, making it easier to pinpoint where they were before their phone went offline.
If this switch is green, the "Send Last Location" feature is already enabled.
Step 7 Return to the Settings page.
7
Return to the Settings page. Tap the "Back" button in the top left corner of the screen three times.
Step 8 Scroll down and tap icon General.
8
Scroll down and tap iPhone Settings General Icon General. It's in the third group of options. Now that Find My iPhone is enabled, you should prevent your child from disabling it by setting a restriction for it.
Step 9 Scroll down and tap Restrictions.
9
Scroll down and tap Restrictions. This option is near the middle of the page.
Step 10 Enter your Restrictions password.
10
Enter your Restrictions password. Type in the four-digit passcode that you use to access the Restrictions menu on your child's phone.
If you haven't yet set up Restrictions, tap Enable Restrictions, enter a password that you want to use, and then re-enter it when prompted.
Step 11 Scroll down and tap Location Services.
11
Scroll down and tap Location Services. You'll find this option in the "PRIVACY" group of options near the bottom of the page.
Step 12 Tap Don't Allow Changes.
12
Tap Don't Allow Changes. You'll see a blue checkmark ✓ appear to the right of this option, signifying that your child won't be able to disable Find My iPhone from within Settings.
Find My iPhone still won't work if the phone is off or in Airplane Mode.
Step 13 Find your child's phone.
13
Find your child's phone. To see a phone on your Apple ID account (or your child's Apple ID account, if different), go to https://www.icloud.com/ in your browser bag for all the cell components that will be added in later.
Seal the bag and put it in the refrigerator.
Step 4 Wait until the gelatin is almost set, about an hour.
4
Wait until the gelatin is almost set, about an hour. Then, take the bag out of the refrigerator and open it.
Step 5 Add a variety of ss solution near the edges of the slide, where there is no dyed coating, wipe it off with a clean tissue.
You can buy a bottle of iodidAnswer
The glass works because a side is coated by tin oxide, the rest of the glass doesn't really conduct or it would ground out. To get aluminum to work you would cover the sides and bottom with a non-conductive surface. Shrink wrap the bottom and sides or cover them in a layer of rubber or plastic.
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Question
How do I prepare solar LED lights?
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Community Answer
Connect the solar plate to a number of resistors to check the current, then attach a flick button and an LED to it.
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Tips
Try measuring the voltage generated by your solar cell both in and ow a so
Heat the water to boiling, using ¾ of what is called for in the instructions. Dissolve the gelatin in the hot water and stir it carefully. Add the same amount of cold water to the mixture.
If you are using unflavored jello, add fruit juice to the jello in place of water so the jello is a light, bright color.
The jello will represent the cytoplasm of the cell.
Step 3 Place your plastic bag inside a sturdy container, such as a large bowl or pan.
3
Place your plastic bag inside a sturdy container, such as a large bowl or pan. Slowly pour the cooled gelatin into the bag.
Make sure there is room in theaccount information.
9
Enter your child's Google account information. This may include their email address and password, though you may just need to enter the password or select their account from a list if they're already logged into their Google account.
Step 10 Make sure that you can see the phone.
10
Make sure that you can see the phone. In order to track your child's phone via Find My Device, your child's phone must have location services enabled. If you can't see the phone in Find My Device, do the following:
Open the Android's Settings
Tap Location
Tap the grey or white "Enable location settings" switch Android 7 Switch Off.
If this switch is colored (e.g., blue), location services are already enabled.
Step 11 Find your child's Android.
11
Find your child's Android. Go to the Find My Device website (https://www.google.com/android/find) on any computer and sign in with your child's Google account information, then select their phone to see where it is.
You can also sign into the Find My Device apout of the light to see the difference.[17]